Effects of age | Age group under 25 | Above 45

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Age at immigration

Effects of age at immigration

Age at immigration
http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/301/statcan/research_paper_analytical_11f0019-e/
2005/no262/11F0019MIE2005262.pdf
Immigrants who are educated in Canada have economic returns to that education that are at least as great as that for the Canadian born… Age at immigration is becoming increasingly important for labour market outcomes, with those who arrive at an older age having poorer outcomes. … Older immigrants entering Canada, who in the late 70s or early 80s earned significantly more than their younger counterparts, presumably because of their experience (controlling for education etc.), now have much less of an advantage. Their foreign work experience appears to be more heavily discounted now as compared to say twenty years ago…

Immigrant earnings differentials and birth-year effects for men in Canada: Post-war - 1992
http://canada.metropolis.net/research-policy/litreviews/bjot_bib/bjot_bib-04a.html
This paper investigates immigrant earnings differentials for males in Canada and how these earnings have changed over time leading up to 1972 with workers' year of birth. The paper uses the 1973 Job Mobility Survey, which contains a direct measure of work experience reported independent of age. Thus, using age as a birth-year index, it is found that cross-sectional earnings differentials of immigrant men have widened since the later 1960s relative to those of native-born workers. This discrepancy is due to a steepening of earnings-experience profiles for native workers, a flattening of the years-since-migration earnings profile for immigrants, and a further flattening of the earnings-experience profile of immigrants. Abstract: Canadian Journal of Economics, 1993/3

Immigrant Earnings: Age at Immigration Matters
http://www.queensu.ca/sps/working_papers/files/sps_wp_20.pdf
The results for the years of schooling variable show that the return to schooling for immigrants in the youngest age-at-arrival category (i.e. the return to post-immigration schooling) is about the same as the return earned by the Canadian born. However, the return to pre-immigration schooling (i.e. the return earned by those who immigrated after age 19) is about two-thirds of the return to post-immigration schooling… Immigrants do substantially better if they have English as mother tongue. In fact, our results suggest that points for mother tongue should vary with age at immigration since mother tongue appears to bean especially important determinant of economic integration for those who arrive at an older age

Age Discrimination and the Employment Rights of Elderly Canadian Immigrants
http://www.lcc.gc.ca/research_project/02_elderly_4-en.asp
More recent immigrant cohorts experienced a higher initial entry penalty and a much slower rate of assimilation such that the prospect of ever catching up with the earnings of their native-born counterparts was unlikely… Even if the rate of economic assimilation is sufficiently high such that immigrants’ earnings catch up to those of non-immigrants, it is unclear whether their life-long employment earnings provide sufficient savings for their retirement years… If an immigrant’s entry into the Canadian labour market occurs at a relatively late age, such that the age-earnings profile is attenuated, the likelihood of his/her income catching up to that of the native-born counterpart is reduced. The implications for incomes beyond the normal age of retirement are apparent. Assuming a similar rate of savings out of current income, accumulated saving at the normal age of retirement will be less and, accordingly, income will be lower.

Immigrant Occupations: Gender/Age Distribution
http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/research/papers/occupations/occupations-e.html#gender
The number of skilled worker Principal Applicants varied considerably by gender and age during the 1996-2000 period. The discrepancies between gender and age are significant with males, aged 25-44 being the major source of skilled Principal Applicants (almost 64% during the 1996-2000 period).  Females aged 25-44, were a distant second, accounting for roughly 24% of all skilled Principal Applicants. A similar disparity existed for older workers (45 years or more) - males accounted for 7% while females only represented slightly more than 2%. Younger workers (15-24 years) showed some balanced gender proportions (males 2%, females 1%), however the younger applicants made up a very small share of total skilled worker Principal Applicants.

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Age group under 25

Young Immigrants
http://www.youth.gc.ca/yoaux.jsp?&lang=en&flash=1&ta=1&auxpageid=847
In 2001, about 470,000 young immigrants between the ages of 15 and 24 lived in Canada… One of the major challenges immigrants face when coming to live in a new country is a lack of communication skills. Most of the young, recently arrived immigrants speak English. In 2001, 78% of them spoke English, 3% spoke French and 18% were bilingual… In 2001, 70% of new arrivals between the ages of 15 and 24 attended school. In general, young immigrants have a similar level of education as young Canadians… In 2001, 14.8% of young immigrants were unemployed… It generally takes young immigrants 10 years to feel completely at ease in their new country and achieve an average level of income.

Immigrant Youth in Canada: A Preview
http://www.acsa-caah.ca/ang/journal/pt102/pt102_a04.html
One-third of newcomers are under the age of 25… Racism and bigotry were experienced by most participants in the CCSD's focus groups, particularly by immigrant youth who are members of visible minority groups. For younger youth, the problem occurred mainly at school; for older youth, it was felt when looking for work. Very few individuals were overly concerned about this problem. Canadian Council on Social Development (CCSD).

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Elderly Canadian Immigrants
http://www.lcc.gc.ca/pdf/grant.pdf
When the immigrant population is examined according to place of birth, significant variation emerges. In particular, immigrant men from Asia display a greater reliance upon government transfer payments and current employment/self-employment earnings than on income from previous savings… Elderly women, and elderly immigrant women in particular, display a greater reliance on government transfer payments…  Immigrant women from South and Southeast Asia: dependence on government transfer payments is much higher (reaching 75% among women from Vietnam) and in many cases, income from current employment represents a much more significant share of total income (as high as 12.3% among immigrant women from the Philippines).

Seniors on the margins: Aging in poverty in Canada
http://www.naca-ccnta.ca/margins/poverty/poverty5_e.htm
Recently arrived older immigrants find it more difficult to secure a place in the labour market than previous immigrants and when they do, their wages are lower… One third of recent retirees have said that they would have continued to work, at least part-time, and 12% said that they would not have left their job had it not been for compulsory retirement policies…

Elderly Immigrants: Income sources and compositions
http://policyresearch.gc.ca/page.asp?pagenm=v7n2_art_10
The CPP/QPP is a contributory pension that is related to an individual’s lifetime earnings. Although there are no special provisions for immigrants, their benefits will be directly related to the length of time they have worked in Canada… The results presented focus on the differences in income sources and composition between three groups of elderly immigrants: those who landed in Canada aged 40-49 years, 50-59 years, and 60 years or older.

Meeting the Needs of Seniors from Ethnocultural Minorities
http://www.naca-ccnta.ca/position/16_community_services/commun3_e.htm
Since the introduction of the policy of family reunification in immigration, the number of seniors from ethnocultural minorities has increased. About 17% of Canadian seniors were born outside Canada. In the population of Canadian residents who speak neither English nor French, 55% are 45 and older. Language barriers, religious and cultural differences, and economic dependency conspire to reduce the access of seniors from ethnocultural minorities to community-based health and social services. This is especially the case outside major urban centres and among less well-represented or established ethnic groups. The National Advisory Council on Aging

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